Control system



July- 18, 1944. 1 .,1.. CUNNINGHAM CONTROL SYSTEM Filed June l2, 1941 4 Sheets-Sheet l @www EW/s L. CUNA//A/G//A/vl,

l INVENTOR BY//M/QV A rrp/@vsn .JUIY 18, 1944- 1 CUNNINGHAM 2,353i692 CONTROL SYSTEM Filed June l2, 1941 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 5W/5 L. Cu/v/v//vGM/AM;q

INVENTOR July 1s, 1944.

l.. 1 CUNNINGHAM f CONTROL SYSTEM Filed Jun l2, 1941 4 Sheets-Sheet T5 Lew/5 L. C'aA//v/A/GHAM INVENTOR BY W A -Trag/Vey;

Patented July 18, 1944 OFFICE.

CONTROL SYSTEM Lewis Cunningham, Glendale, Calif.. asslgnor to General Controls Co., Glendale, Calif., a corporation of California Application .Tune 12, 1941, sensi No. 397.1121

Claims.

This invention relates to systems oi control in which a controlling element is moved as a result `of a liquid-pressure change produced by a change .in condition to which the controlling element is responsive. In such systems movement of the controlling element may be used to control the operation of suitable motor means for positioning a member to be controlled, such' as a damper, an indicator, or other device which it is desired t0 control in response in condition changes.

A particular object of the invention is to provide a control system that may be called a balanced liquid-pressure type by which a. device or mechanism may be modulated or proportioned, wherein a conned body of liquid is subject to pressure change as a result of condition change and sets `suitable motor means in operation to move the mechanism or member to be controlled -to a predetermined position, which mem-l ber in moving to its predetermined position operates to oppose the change in liquid pressure and upon reaching the predetermined position nullies the pressure change and prevents further operation of the motor means until subsequent con' dition change produces a subsequent pressure change. l

A further object of the invention is to provide a temperature-responsive control system of the balanced liquid-pressure type.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved pressure-'relief device for liquid-` filled control systems.

A more specic object of the invention is to provide a combined pressure-regulating and over-A pressure reliei device for a liquid-filled control system.

A further object of the invention is to provide an improved fluid pressure-operated motorl provide an air-conditioning system in which the temperature-changing means through which the air furnished to an enclosure is passed before it enters the enclosure, is under the concurrent control of the temperature of the air entering and leaving the enclosure and the air entering the temperature-changing means.

Further objects and advantages of my invention will either be speclilcally brought out in the ensuing description or will become apparent therefrom.

My invention will be more completely understood from the following speciilc description oi the accompanying drawings. in which:

Fig. 1 Yis a' diagrammatic view of a preferred control system according to my invention;

Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic view oi' a variational form of condition-responsive device which may be used with the system shown in Fig.. i;

Fig. 3 is an elevational view of a preferred control system;

Fig. 4 is a longitudinal vertical section through the control motor illustrated in Fig. 3;

Fig'. 5 is a longitudinal section taken along line l-S in Fig. 4;

Fig. 6 is a partial longitudinal section taken v along line 6--8 in Fig. 5;

Fig. 7 is an end elevation oi the control motor showing the valves and control mechanism;

Fig. 8 is a sectional detail taken along line 8-8 in F18. '7; y

Fig. 9 is an elevational detail of the valve-operating lever taken in a plane corresponding generally to that indicated by line I-I in Fig. 7; Fig, 10 illustratesa modication of the motor means shown in Figs. 3-9, and is alongitudinalA sectional view taken at a position corresponding toline 55inFig.4;

Fig. 11 is a partly sectional elevational view illustrating the manner of mounting the valveoperating lever when the motor means is to be used with a superatmospherlc pressure source;

Fig. l2 is a diagrammatic view foi my control system as employed with an electrical motor means; and

Fig. 13 is a diagrammatic view of an air-conditioning system according to my invention.

Referringto Fig. l, condition-responsive mem` bers are indicated at I, 2,and l and may comprise, as one example, temperature-responsive bulbs completely lled with a suitable liquid such as ethyl ether or other suitable liquid having a high coefllcient of expansion and other desired characteristics, connected by capillaries 4, I. and 6 to a main capillary 1. The bulbs l, 2, and 3 are adapted to cause the outflow or inflow of liquid through their associated capillaries upon the rise and fall respectively of their temperatures, In

general, if all of the bulbs are subjected to a ,change in temperature at the same time. or if only one is changed in temperature and the others remain at a constant temperature, such change in temperature will' cause ilow of liquid in .the

2 y capillary 1. The bulbs I, 2. and 3 form part of a liquid-filled, liquid-conilning means comprising a contgling means 8, a restoring means 8 and a regula g and relief means II, the capillary 1 being connected to the controlling means 8. The controlling and restoring means are connected by a capillary I2, and the regulating and relief means is connected to the restoring means 8 by a capillary I3.

'I'he controlling -means 8 comprises relatively rigid wall means I4 defining a generally cylindrical chamber I8 with which -the capillaries 1 and I2 communicate. The controlling means 8 further comprises a relatively flexible wall I8 formed for convenience as a flexible metal bellows suitably secured at its outer end to a washer I1 which engages the wall means I4 and closes the chamber I8. The controlling means 8 further comprises a controlling element such as an operating or piston rod I8 which extends through the washer I1 and is provided with van enlarged end portion I8 which engages the bellows I8 and is biased toward the bellows by a compression spring 2| which at one end engages the enlarged portion I9. of therod I8 and at the other end engages a plate 22 suitably secured to the wall means I4. Y

The resterai@ means s is constructed similarly to the controlling means 8 and comprises relatively rigid wall means 23 defining a chamber 24 which is closed on one side by a ilexible metal bellows 28 and is 'in connection with the capiilaries I2 and I3.. A restoring element such as an'operating or piston rod 28 is mounted with oneend engaging the bellows 28 and the other end engaging a link 21 which is pivotally mounted at one end to a suitable support 28, and is 'slidably and pivotally connected at its other end to a piston rod 28 which in this case is adapted for movement in a direction parallel to the direction of movement of the rod 28 and may be con` nected to or may comprise the member to be controlled or positioned.

The regulating and relief prise relatively rigid wall means 3| deilnlng a generally cylindrical chamber 32 which is open at its upper end. The open end of the chamber 32 is closed by a flexible metal bellows 33 which is secured to a washer 34 which is in turn secured in a recess in the wall means 3|. A cap 35 is shown threadedly engaging the outside of the upper end of the wall means 3| and a compression spring 38 is shown in position around a tension member such as a bolt 31 which extends throughy thegcap 38 and threadedly engages a. foot member 38 having an enlarged bottom portion 38 which engages the lower end of -the .bellows 33. The compression spring 38 ex' erts its force between the inside of the cap 38 and tneportion :s of the memberl :s and the force or loading on the spring is adjusted 'by relative movement of the members 31 and 38. The members 38, 38. 31, and 438 comprise preloaded spring means. The value of this force is such that for all normal pressures obtained in the chamber 32. there is no movement of the member 38 with respect to thecap 38. When excessive pressures are obtained in the chamber relative movement of the members 38 and 38 occurs, whereby the pressure is relieved by movement of the bellows 33 to increase the size of and position of the member 28, is adjusted by relative rotation of the members 31 and 38 while the cap 38 remains stationary on the wall means 3| to which it is tightly secured. This rotation varies the amount oi liquid contained in the chamber 32 and with a given amount of liquid in the chamber 24 causes variation in the amount of liquid in the chamber I8. A dial cap IIa callbrated in temperature is secured to the upper end of bolt 31 by a screw IIb for rotating the bolt with respect to the stirrup 38 which remains stationary as a result ofthe spring friction. The lower edge of cap IIa is provided with notches IIc engaged by a spring IId secured to cap.38 by a screw IIe. The free endo! the spring is depressed when it is desired to turn cap I Ia with respect to'cap 38.

The piston rod 28 is shown secured to a piston 4| which is adapted for' movement in the cylinder 42 comprising a control motor means 48 ac. cording to this invention. 'I'he piston 4| is shown in the mid position of its stroke and it may be assumed for the purposes of example that the chambers I8 and 24 each contain what may be termed their normal volume of liquid?, the rods I8 and 28 each being at positions inter# mediate the ends of their strokes. Furthermore, it may be assumed that the temperatures exist` ing at the bulbs I, 2, and 3 are such that there is no ow through the capillary 1 into or out of lever 43 is pivotally secured intermediate its ends means I I may comto a support 44.

The motor means is provided with air outlet connections 48 and 48 establishing connection between the cylinder 42 at positions on opposite sides of the piston 4|, and a vacuum line connes"- tion 41 leading to a suitable subatmospheric pressure source, not shown. The motor means is further provided with valve means such as a pali' oi' normally closed, inwardly opening, ball-check valves 48 and 48 closing the` endsof air inlet conduits 82 and 83 communicating with thecylinder 42 on opposite sides of the piston 4|.

When both of the valves are closed and a baila' anced load is Vconnected to the member 28, the pressures in the cylinder on both sides of the piston 4| are equal and the piston remains at rest,

irrespective of its position. Opening of the valve -48 causes an increase in pressure on the upperl i side of the piston and downward movement -of the chamber 32 without rupturing the walls of l the liquid-conilning means.

. As pointed out previously, .the lentire system is' Illl'ed with liquid and the relative volume of .the piston, while opening of the valve 48 causes reverse movement. The valve-operating levr 43 is provided with suitable pin 54 which s adapted to open the valves 48 and 48 upon movment of the lever toward the respective valves. Suitable restriction is placed in the line 4,1-so that air can enter through -the valves 48 ,and 48 faster than it can be withdrawn from the cylinder through the line 41.

Assuming now that a rise in temperature occurs at vthe bulbs I, 2, and 3, the pressure in the liquid-conilning system rises and liquid 'ilows through the capillary 1 toward therespective members 3, 8, and II. Under normal conditions the only wallin the system which can yield or move in response to this pressure change is the bellows I8 which Ain moving'causes downward movement-oi' the\contrclling element or operating rod I8 and an increase in the volume ci liquid contained in the chamber I5. There can be f -the operating rod I8 moves the pin 54 into cons tact with the valve 45,'ope'ning this valve anti"q5 producing downward movement oi the piston 4I. This downward movement, through. the agency of the link 21, produces downward movement of the restoring element or operating rod 25 of the restoring means 9 and results in an increase in volume of the chamber 24 through movement of the second movable wall means or bellows 25. The bias on the wall means I6 such as produced by the spring 2|, causes upward movement of the operating rod I5 and bellows I5 so as to decrease the liquid pressure in the chamber I5 and the volume of liquid contained in the chamber I5 as the volume in the chamber 24 increases, and returns the volume and the pressure of the liquid in the chamber I5 to its normal value. When this condition is reached, the valveoperating lever 45 has returned to its central iilled condition-responsive member is indicated at 5I in Fig. 2, and comprises relatively rigid wall means 52 dening a generally cylindrical cham--v ber 55 closed at its upper ends by a flexible metal bellows 54\and provided .with a plunger 55 bearing againstithe bellows 54 and adapted upon vertical movement to admit or expel liquid through a capillary-55 which may be connected to the capillary 1. An operating lever 51 is shown pivotally mounted on a suitable support 55 and in engagement with the upper end ot the plunger 55. The operating .lever maybe moved in response to any condition, for example, it may be weight-responsive, velocity-responsive, move ment-responsive, or responsive to any other condition vcapable of producing vertical movement of the plunger 55.

I have illustrated in Figs.'3 through 9, a con Y parts will be the same as in Fig. 1 and will be given the same numbers. In Fig. 3 a complete system is illustrated in which the control and restoring means 5 and 9 are mounted vdirectly position and the valve 48 is again closed, bringing l the piston 4I to rest at its new position.

A decrease in temperature will cause withdrawal of liquid through the capillary 1 from the chamber I 5 and upward motion ofthe controlling member or operating rod I5. 'I'he pin 54 then ,moves to open the valve 49 to introduce air through the tube 55 into the cylinder, causing upward movement of the member 29 and the o'peratingrod 25. Upward movement of the rod 25 results in discharge of liquid from the chamber 24 through the capillary I2 to the chamber I5 and downward movement of the operating rod I8 to restore the valveoperating lever to its neutral position in which the valves 45 and 49 are closed and the piston 4I is at rest.

It may be seen from the above description that the member 29 moves to a given position for any given temperature condition existing .at the bulbs I, 2, and 8 and it reaches its central orv normal position when the chambers I5 and 24 each contain their normal volumes of liquid and a normal temperature exists at the bulbs I, 2, and 3. If the same operation is desired at another normal temperature, for example at a lower temperature, liquid is expelled from the chamber on the motor means 45. In this particular instance temperature bulbs indicated at I are connected by ai capillary 1I directly to the means v9 and the means 5 and 9 are connected by a capillary 12, the means 8 and II being connected by a capillary 13. Capillaries 14 and 15 are shown extending from the means I and II and are used for iilling the system with liquid. After the system is filled and all air is removed in accordance with conventional practice, these capillaries are pinched oil' and suitably sealed. As one'example of an application oi my control system,the piston rod 29 is shown connected through a-suitable nexible shaft 18 to an operating lever'11 secured to a damper shaft 15 carrying a pair of dampers 19 and 5I arranged at 90 to one another. Thus, the rotation of the shaft 15 and the positioning of the dampers is under the control of the temperature-responsive bulbs I.

Referring to Figs. 3 to 9, the motor means 45 is shown as comprising a cylinder 42 having end walls 82 and 59 suitably secured together by tension rods 84. 'I'he end wall 85 is provided-with a suitable stulng box and packing gland -55 through which the piston rod 29 extends. The piston 4I comprises a pair of vcircular plates 51 and 58 `compressively engaging oppositely facing bums l, 2, and s which have relativen rigid walls and do not appreciably change in volume with a change in condition, may be replaced by a chamber having relatively movable walls and which changes in volume with a change in condition to eilect a change in volume and pressure ci' the flexible packing cups 9| and 92 which are heldin sealing enagagement with the walls of the cylinder 42 through the agency of spring expander rings 93 and 94, eachheld in vposition by a plu- -rality of clips 95 and 95 secured to the plates 51 and 88, respectively. The plates 81 and 58 are compressively engaged between a pair of flanged members 91 and 95 carrledon reduced diameter inner end portion 29a of the member 29, the member 98 threadedly engaging the portion 25a and the member 91 engaging shoulder 29h at the outer yend of the reduced portion 29a.

End wall 52 is shown provided with air outletpassage 45 communicating with operating space lhformed in the cylinder 42 between .end

wall 52 andthe movable wall means or piston 4I,

while'end wall 53 is provided with outlet passage 45 .communicating with operating space V|02 provided ,in the cylinder 42' between end wall 53 and piston or movable wall means 4I. The vacuum control chamber-I5. An example oi' sucha liquid- 'u line connection 41 leads 'to a tube |55 which is threaded into the end threaded into the end wall Bland communicates with passage wall 82 and communicat- 43. Communication beis provided by exible ing with the passage tween tubes |03 and |04 49. A second tube |44 is shown tube which is used in preference to a metal tube in order to reduce vibration failures when the motor is used in locations subject to vibra-- tions such as in aircraft. (See Fig. 4.)

The valves 48 and 49 are shown carried on the end wall 82 and the valve 48 communicates'directly with the space |0| through a short inlet tube 52. The inlet tube 53 communicates with the space |02 and is carried on theA end wall 83. Communication between the inlet tube 53 and the valve 49 is provided through a passage |06 in the cam follower being mounting bracket |43 carried on the wall 82 within the cylinder. Y,

The operating rod 28 engages the other side of the cam follower |42 at aposition intermediate the position of contact of the cam andthe mounting bracket. |43. The cuter end of the operating the wall 83, tubes |01, |08, and |09, and the pas- 'sage in the wall 82. (See Fig. 6.)

Thelvalves 48 and 49 are shown in detail in Fig. 8 and are similarly constructed. Thus, the valve 48 is shown as comprising a member ||2 threadedly engaging the wall 82 and provided with a bore ||3- extending into one wall of a threaded nipple ||4 extending into the member' ||2 at right angles to the bore |3. The member ||2 is further provided with an air inlet opening ||8 alined with the axis of the nipple I4 and facing the valve 49. A ball IIS is shown seated in the opening H5 to close the opening and is biased to this position by compression spring I |1 located in the nipple and held in position by a. cap ||8 threadedly engaging the outer 'end of the nipple.

The air inlet opening and ball of the valve 49 are indicated at ||9 and |2|, respectively.`

'I'he valve-operating lever 43 is shown in detail in Figs. '1 and 9 and is shown as comprising a main body portion formed as a pair of identical spring leaves |22 and |23 positioned on opposite sides of another spring leaf |24 and secured together at their upper ends and to the spring leaf |24 by rivets or the like indicated at |25. The central portions of the leaves |22 and |23 are cut away as indicated at |26 to expose lower portion |21 of the leaf |24, suitable mounting openings |28 being provided in the lower portion-of the leaf |24 for mounting the valve-operating lever as will be brought out subsequently. The leaves |22 and |23 are preferably so shaped as to be biased apart by their natural resiliency and are prevented from moving apart by an adjusting screw |29 which threadedly engages the leaf |23 and passes through the leaf |22 and may be turned to vary the spacing between the leaves |22 and |23. Each of these leaves is provided with a valve-operating pin |3| and |32, respectively.

Referring ,to Figs. 4 and 5, the restoring means 9, corresponding in construction to that shown in Fig. 1, is shown mounted on the outside of the wall 82 with its operating rod 28 extending through an opening |33 in the wall in operative association with a mechanism 21 corresponding to the lever mechanism 21 ofrFlg. 1. This mechanism is shown as comprising a pair of rods |34 and |35 pivoted at one end to a bracket |38 carried on the piston 4| and extending in telescoping engagement within a pair of tubular members |31 and |38 which are pivotally secured to la mounting bracket |39 carried on the wall 82 within the cylinder. The restoring mechanism is further provided with a cam |4| located adjacent the mounting bracket |39 and secured to the tubular members |31 and |38. The cam |4| is shown in contact with one side of a cam follower |42 adjacent one end thereof, the other end rod 23j. indicated at 28a, is preferably of reduced diameter so as to enter the opening |33 with vsuiillcient clearance, while the inner end of the -member 26, indicated at 2Gb, `is of somewhat larger diameter'than the opening |33 to prevent the member 28 from entering too far into the cylinder. It should be apparent that longitudinal movement of the piston is translated into angular movement of the cam |4| through the agency of the telescoping members |34 and |30, and T31 and |38. and that this angularmovement is translated into a longitudinal movement of the operating rod 28 through the agency of the cam follower |42. Thus, as the piston moves toward the wall 83, a movement in a corresponding direction is imparted to the operating rod 26. A reverse movement is created when the piston moves toward the wall 82, the member 28 following the cam follower |42l because of the pressure imparted to the liquid through the agency of spring parallel to the face of the wall 82,

plurality of screws |46 passing through the openings |28 shown in Fig. 9, a suitable spacing block |41 being provided to hold the lever away from the mounting bracket and a suitable clamping block |48 maybe provided between the head of Vthe screw |46 and the portion |21 of the leaf |24` to hold this leaf in firm engagement with the spacing block whereby the desired spring action may be obtained. The upper end of the leaf |23,

substantially. centrally of the position of the rivets |25,' is in contact with the outer 'end of the operating rod |8 and is biased to contact therewith through the action of the leaf spring. |24,

whereby the lever follows the rod I8 as it moves to he right.

When the chamber vIS contains its normal volurne of liquid as previously dened, the valveoperatinglever is in its central position as indicated in Fig. 7. The spacing between the leaves ,|22 and |23 is adjustedv by means of the screw |29 to bring the pins |3| and |32 into contact with the balls lliand |2|, respectively, and preferably to unseat the balls slightly to allow a restricted increase of air through the openings H3 and ||9, respectively. (See Figs. 7 and 8.)

The operation of the motor shown in Figs. 3

lthrough 9 is exactly the same as described in connection with Flg. 1. .An increase in temperature results in an increase in the volume of liquid in the chamber l5 and the movement ofthe lever 43 to open the valve 48 and close the valve 49. Air then enters the chamber |0| through 'the tube 52 and the piston moves toward the wall 83. Such movement is transmitted through the cam |4| and cam follower |42 to the operating rod 2l which moves t0 increase the size of the chamber 24. Liquid is then forced from the chamber I8 through the action of the biasing of spring 2| through thecapillar! 12 into the champivotally secured to a ber 24. When theamount oi liquid in the chamber i8 again reaches its normal value, the vaiveoperating lever 48 reaches its"central position as shown in Fig. 7 and no" further movement of the pistonoccurs. When liquid is withdrawn from 5 `the control chamber I5 through the capillary 12 10 to restore the volume of liquid in the chamber I5 to its normalvalue and bring vthe piston to rest at its new position.

In order for the motor means to voperate in the above specified manner, it is necessary that l5 the parts be so Vproportioned that opening of either of the valves 48 and 49 will allow air to enter the operating spaces at a greater rate than it can be withdrawn therefrom through the vacuum line 41. In order that this condition may 20 be obtained, suitable means is provided for restricting the outilow of air to the vacuum line. For example, the tubes |83 and |04 may be provided with highly restricted oriiices indicated at The above description of the operation of the motor means has been based on the assumption that the piston rod 281s connected to a balanced load, 'in which case the piston will cometo rest when both the valves 48 and 49 are closed 01130 when they are both opened by equal amounts. However, when the load is unbalanced, the piston will come to rest at a position where the pressure diil'erential in the chambers |8| and |02 is just suilicient to balance the load. For ex- 1 35 ampie, if the piston is biased toward the wall 82 by the load or by the other means. the valve 48 will be open to a greater extent than the valve 49 when the piston comes to rest.

In this connection, it may be noted that, wheni 40 the piston is at all times biased in the same direction, either by means of a speciilcally applied bias or a bias provided by the load, it is unnecessary to provide air inlet and vacuum connections on both sides of the piston. For example, if the 4.;

piston is at all times biased toward the wall 82, the chamber |0| may be opened to the atmosphere and the valve 48 and the associated connections to the chamber |0| may be omitted as packing cup 9| and its associated parts along 55 with the equipment previously mentioned, the construction of the motor means illustrated in Fig. 10. is otherwise thesame as that previouslv described. 'Ihe rest position of the piston 4| in response to 'change in condition is reached when 60 the valve 49 m opened suiiiciently to bring the` pressure in theV chamber |02 to balance the force provided by the biasing spring and any other load provided on the shaft 29.

The forms of motor means above described are 65 ,also adapted for use with a superatmospheric pressure supply. In order to obtain operation with a superatmospheric pressure supply connected to the tube 41, it is necessary to reverse the action of the valves 48. and 49. Referring to Figs. 70

9 and 11, it will be noted that the upper end of the spring leaf |24, indicated at |24a, extends beyond the upper ends of the leaves |22 and |23 and is provided with a pair of mounting-holes |28a. In Fig. 11 the valve-operating lever 4l is'7 shown mounted on the braexet m tnraugn me agency of screws |48 extending through holes |28a, spacer b1ock.l4'l, and pressure block |48,y

It will be noted that an increase in volume in the chamber I8 moves the lever- 48 to openthe valve 48 `when the lever is mounted with its pivot point above the operating rod I8 as` it is in Fig. 11. In Fig.' "I the pivot point ofthe valve-operating lever is located below the operating rod |8 and between the, operating rod and the valves,

:whereby an increaseof the volume in the chamber I8 causes opening of the valve 48. When the samevchange is made in Fig. 10 in the mounting oi' the valve-operating lever, it is -necessary to reverse the direction of bias applied to the piston 4|. For example, the spring |8| may be re-V placed by a tension spring or the compression spring may be moved to the opposite side of the :ston 4| to bias the piston away from the wall It should be noted that, other things being equal, the shape of cam |4| determines the incremental characteristics of the motor means,

' whereby a given change in condition will pro- |03a and I04a. 25

duce different predetermined changes in position of the piston 4| depending upon position oi' the piston when the change in condition occurs. This follows since movement of the cam actuates the restoring means which must m'ove a predetermined amount to restore a predetermined volume of liquid in the controlling means for a given change in condition. Hence, the incre- -mental characteristics of the system maybe changed by changing the shape of cam |4| It should be noted thatthe normal positionsv of the valve-operating lever or controlling element and corresponding normal liquid volume or pressure of the controlling means varies with diii'erent motor means, depending upon the load conditionI and other conditions. However, in each case normal conditions obtain when the motor means holds the member to be positioned stationary at a position within the limits of its range of positions. l

The control system of this 'invention is not limited to use with fluid-pressure motor means but may be used to control other forms of motor means such as an electrical motor means. ferring to Fig. l2, the member to be positioned is indicated at 29e and is comparable, to the piston rod l29 of Fig. l. In this case, the member 29e is connected to a rack |8I. Cooperating with the rack |8| is a pinion |82 which is carried Aby and secured to a main operating shaft |88.

The main operating shaft is connected to a suitable reversible motor means |84 through a reduction gearing indicated generally at |85.

The reversible motor means is shown as comprising a pair of oppositely actingv induction motors having rotors |88 and |81, both of which are secured to a common rotor shaft |88.

spective rotors |88 and |81.

The arrangement of the parts in the reversthrough a conductor |81 to a switch arml 48a Fieldwindings |88 and |9| cooperate with the re- 'operating rod I6 and establish connection between the switch arm 42a and the contact |92, connecting iield coil |66 to the supply terminals |85 and |66. This results in downward movement of the member 26c andthe accompanying downward movement of the restoring member or operating rod 26 to increase the volume 'ofV liquid in the restoring means 6 and restore the volume of liquid in the controlling means 6 to its normal value. This causes the connection between the contact |62. and the switch arm a the controlling member or operl are considered as substitutes rortlie bulbsr'. 2,

I "and, I, respectively, of Fig. 1.

to break, stopping the motor, and bringing the controlled member 26e to rest at a new predetermined position. Upward movement; o f the operating rod I6 as a result of a .decrease in pressure and volume of the liquid contained in the controlling means 6 results in movement of the member 26e in the opposite direction to a new predetermined position.

enclosure or space |6| such as a room or airplane cabin. In this particular'case the space is to be maintained at a temperature which is higher than that' of the air normally available,

The motor means III is thus under the concurrent control of alll of the temperature-responsive bulbs |61, |66,'and |69.' With such an arrangement there is less tendency for variation in the temperature of the space since the temperature of the 'air supplied to the heater, as well as the temperature of the air vleaving the heater, enters into the control of the temperature-changing means. For example, a rise in temperature at the position of any of the temperature-responsive means acts to control the temperature-changing means to decrease the heat supplied. A rise in temperature at one position accompanied by a fall at another position will produce an effect on the control mechanism according to whether the net effect .o'i' the liquid volume change results in an increase or decrease in volume in the controlling means.

In this connection the relative volumes of the f temperature-responsive bulbs is preferably sub- An advantageous arrangement is shown in .A Fig. 13 for controlling the temperaturen! anY whereby control of the heat supplied'to the incoming air is required. An air inlet conduit is indicated at |62 through which air may flow to a heater |62 and thence through a conduit |64 to the space |6I, air being exhausted from thespace through an outlet conduit |66. In this particular example, the heater |63 is adapted to bring air passing therethrough to substantially the same relatively high temperature within the range of its volumetric capacity.

A bypass conduit I 66 is shown connected to the conduits |62 and I 66 to provide for bypassing: air around theheater I 66 and the damper shaft 16 is shown extending through the conduits |66l and |66 with the dampers 16 and 6| in the conduits |66 and |66, respectively. Rotation of the damper shaft 16 by means of the operating arm 11 results in an ,increase in the amount of air passed through the heater and a corresponding decrease in the amount or air bypassed through the conduit |66. (See Figs. 3 and 12.) The heater, bypass passage, and

. dam-pers comprise a controllable temperature- 'changing means.

Obviously other temperaturechanging means may be substituted therefor.

AFor example, movement of shaft 16 may be used to control the fuel supply to aheater.

A temperature bulb |61 is shown in the conduit |62 and is responsive to the temperature of the air supplied to the temperature-changing means.

temperature ,of thel air introduced to the space I6I, Le., the mixture of air from the heater and bypass e. Another temperature bulb is indicated at |69 in the conduit |66 and is re- .l sponsive to the temperature ci.' the air exhausted stantlally inversely proportional to range in temperatures to which they are normally subjected, whereby each bulb when varied in temperature over the limits of its range of temperatures, while the other bulbs are maintained at their normal temperatures, is capable of varying the temperature-chang'ing means substantially throughout the limits of its range of control. In other words, the product ofthe liquid volume of the bulb |61 and its normal temperature range is substantially equal to the product of the liquid volume of bulb |66 and its normal temperature range, and is also substantially equal to the product of the liquid volume of the bulb |69 and its normal temperature range.

Obviously the heater |63 may be. replaced by a refrigerator, in which case the operation of the dempers 19 and 6| is reversed. Suitable means vrfor introducing and exhausting air from the enclosure is indicated at |1|, whereby the desired flow in the conduits is obtained. Such means may comprise a fan or blower, or air scoops or vents in the case the enclosure is an airplane cabin or the like.

My invention is obviously subject to considerable modification, hence I do not choose to be limited to the examples disclosed herein, but rathexlit'ol the scope of the appended claims.

I cl

1. A motor comprising a cylinder and a coop- Another temperature bulb |66 is v shown in the conduit |66 and is responsive to the movement of said piston comprising a pair ot members -slidable with respect to each other along a lsubmntially common axis, one of said members being pivotallv mounted on said piston and the other on said cylinder so that `the common axis of the members is' at an angle to the axis 'of the motor.

2. A motor comprising a cylinder and a cooperating piston; and a connection operated by the movement of said piston comprising a rod -member and a tubular member slidably receiving said rod member, one ofV said members being Pivotally mounted on said piston and the other on said cylinder so that the axis of the membe is at an angle to the axis of the motor. V

3. A motor comprising a cylinder and a cooperating piston; and a connection operated by the movement o! said' piston cbmprising a rod member and a tubular member slidably receiving said rod member. one of said members being pivotally mounted on said piston and the other -on said cylinder so that the axis of the members I 5. -In combination: a motor comprising a cylt inder and means forming a wall movable therein,

means for varying the fluid pressure within said cylinder to move said wall, an independent fluid pressure system including expansible-contractible means forming a variable-volume chamber and arranged to cover an opening in a wall yof Vsaid cylinder. and a mechanical connection whereby movement ofrsaid wall effects movement of said expansible-contractible means to vary the` capacity of said chamber, the pressure of the fluid in said cylinder being so low with respect to that of the nuid in :said independent system that said expansible-contractible means'is substantially unaffected thereby.

LEWIS L. CUNNINGHAM. 

